Posted: July 19th, 2023

Return of the State, Globalization, State Theory

Return of the State, Globalization, State Theory

Capitalism, as we know, is an economic system that is simple in its definition — but complex in its realization. Arising with the medieval practice of feudalism (lords owning land and controlling labor of the serfs), capitalism is can be simply defined as an economic system, marked by open competition in a free market. In this free market, however, the means of production and distribution are owned by individuals or groups (corporations) and only their continual growth and reinvestment (accumulation of wealth) drives the economy forward. However, for some, capitalism tends to incorporate a certain “way of thinking,” driven by greed, the search for ever increasing profits, worldwide expansion, and internal development. Starting from the earliest origins of capitalism, only societies with the capabilities and the appropriate mindset could flourish amidst this period of economic, social, and religious dispersion. Modern capitalism arose and developed in Europe, largely due to the rise of technology, the Industrial revolution, and for some, the ethics of Christianity which promoted manual labor and helped provide the necessary hyper-productivity for a surplus of production (Bryer, 2004). By its very nature, though, capitalism requires a sort of imperialism — markets and areas that can be exploited for economic development. Some even argue that the 21st century is a world of “new imperialism,” characterized by the direct penetration of U.S. capital into foreign social formations, which induces the restricting of economic, political and ideological relationships within those nation states and their subordinate articulation with a new American superstate (Barrow, 2005).

There is a presumption, often promulgated by scholars and politicians in the developed world, that social, political and cultural development are synonymous with a move towards modernization. In fact, modernization theory is also sometimes referred to as the developmental doctrine, a paradigm spurred on particularly after World War II when the United States formed its Cold War policy and understood that it had obligations to the developing world (e.g. unindustrialized or newly independent post-colonial nations). Modernization can thus be an evolutionary movement of technological progress or a reaction to the past and a new template for the future. However, we must understand that it is both a continuous, and open-ended, process. It is not the type of social change in which there is a clear beginning, middle and end; but rather a movement towards equilibrium on a scale that is constantly changing. Historians, for instance, tend to link modernization to the process of urbanization and industrialization, as well as the spread of compulsory education throughout a population based in this view, humans come together in cities for a variety of reasons: safety, job specialization, etc. And then move technologically forward until much of their society is mechanized and there is then ample opportunity for even more specialization and adaptation through education (Inglehart 1997). In critical sociological theory, modernization is linked more to the more cognitive process of rationalization. This process holds that as modernization (especially technical acuity) increases within a society, the role of the individual begins to take on far more importance, and eventually replaces the family, the extended family, and even the community as the fundamental change agent for society (Roberts & Hite (eds.) 2000).

The idea of development equaling modernization is not new to the 20th century, even though the popularization did not really occur until decolonialization post-World War II. In fact, Aristotle suggested that states follow a natural pattern of growth, much like plants and biological entities.

Culture & Negotiations

Globalization has brought many benefits and potential growth opportunities for companies around the world. Companies may now expand their reach to sell their products to countries on the other side of the planet, but there are some issues that have to be approached and resolved prior to doing business overseas: the negotiations between company “A” in the United States and company “B” in Singapore, for example, have to take into account cultural differences and cultural traditions. This paper reviews some of the negotiation styles that need to be understood and practiced in the context of doing business in foreign lands.

When business representatives from different cultures meet in a negotiation setting there needs to be understanding of the cultural foundations of each negotiator. When an American business representative is interesting in negotiating a deal for his company to establish a manufacturing plant in Singapore, for example, the American must understand that Singapore is home to three “dominate cultural groups” (Chinese, 76.4%; Malays, 14.9%; and Indians, 6.4% of the population) (Osman-Gani, et al., 2002, p. 820).

The link between culture and negotiation, according to author Osman-Gani, can be best understood through four approaches: culture as a “learned behavior”; culture as a “system of shared values”; culture as a “dialectic”; and culture “in context” (821). “Culture as a learned behavior” is defined as those behaviors that attempt to reflect the attitudes of the (foreign) culture, but some negotiators read “how to negotiate” manuals and think this will help in understanding the foreign culture, but doing this “fails to explain individual differences in negotiation styles” (Osman-Gani, 821). The author’s “culture as a system of shared values” means that the one culture must have some similarities with the foreign culture, but wait, this also fails to explain negotiating style differences. “Culture as dialectic” is more dynamic than the first two but the bottom line is the Chinese negotiating style is collectivistic and the American style is individualistic, so there has to be some give and take. . “Culture in context” suggests that negotiation styles between Americans and Chinese in Singapore really boils down to negotiation based on individual personalities and cultural values.

After conducting surveys in Singapore (to Chinese negotiators, Malay negotiators, and Indian negotiators), the author reports that the most prevalent style of negotiating for all three cultures in Singapore was “intuitive” negotiations. Americans going to Singapore to entertain the possibility of establishing business there, need to know each of the three cultures prefers to deal.

Religion plays an important part in the cultural life of every country, and a peer-reviewed article in the Journal of International Business Research points out the cultural realities regarding the negotiation styles of Muslim Iranians, Buddhist Taiwanese and Christian Americans. The independent variables in this research — religion, collectivism, education, age, gender and work experience — were tested through empirical surveys of the three cultures. The “devotion to religious rules” is far more prevalent among Muslims than among Christians and Buddhist groups (Farazmand, et al., 2011).

While negotiators should be aware of this cultural fact, this does not mean that any Muslim negotiator would rely more on religion than on “analytical, normative, factual or intuitive negotiation styles”; what matters is the degree of devotion the negotiator has to his faith. Finding that out prior to launching negotiations of course may be problematic, but the negotiator should make an attempt to learn the degree of devotion a Muslim negotiator has prior to the interaction (Farazmand, 40). Knowledge of the Muslim religion would help and “…could result in a higher probability of successful agreements,’ Farazmand explains (40). Moreover, knowing the ideological beliefs of the negotiator — whether it is in Taiwan, Iran, or America — also gives the negotiation a sense of cultural understanding before engaging in dialogue.

In conclusion, having a full understanding of the cultural beliefs, practices and ideological dynamics of the person in the foreign country that will be the negotiator offers an open door to understanding, cooperation, and deal making. The ability to know ahead of time the level of religious and ideological commitment the other negotiator has with respect to his culture is extremely valuable for the success of the negotiation.

Works Cited

Farazmand, Farideh a., Tu, Yu-Te, and Daneefard, Hasan. (2011). Is Religious Culture a Factor

in Negotiation: A Cross-cultural Comparison of Iran, Taiwan and the United States. Journal of International Business Research, 10(1), 27-41.

Osman-Gani, AAhad M., and Tan, Joo-Seng. (2002). Thunderbird International Business Review

44(6), 819-839.

Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply

Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?

Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.

Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?

• Plagiarism free papers
• Timely delivery
• Any deadline
• Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
• Subject-relevant academic writer
• Adherence to paper instructions
• Ability to tackle bulk assignments
• Reasonable prices
• 24/7 Customer Support
• Get superb grades consistently

Online Academic Help With Different Subjects

Literature

Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.

Finance

Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.

Computer science

Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!

Psychology

While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.

Engineering

Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.

Nursing

In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.

Sociology

Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.

Business

We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!

Statistics

We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.

Law

Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.

What discipline/subjects do you deal in?

We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.

Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?

Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.

What if I don’t like the paper?

There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.

Reasons being:

• When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
• We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.

In the event that you don’t like your paper:

• The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
• We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
• Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.

Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?

Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.

What if the paper is plagiarized?

We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.

When will I get my paper?

You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.

Will anyone find out that I used your services?

We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.

How our Assignment  Help Service Works

1.      Place an order

You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.

2.      Pay for the order

Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.

3.      Track the progress

You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.

4.      Download the paper

The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.

PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!