Posted: February 16th, 2022

Compare and contrast the body’s response to bacterial and viral infections.

Compare and contrast the body’s response to bacterial and viral infections.

Bacteria are small free-living unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms found abundantly on the earth surface. They have an outer cell membrane, cytoplasm, circular DNA and organelles which are not bound by a membrane. These pathogens exist in various forms based on their morphology: bacilli/rods, cocci, vibrio, and spirilla. They are responsible for many infections to both animals and human beings. On the other hand, Viruses are small infectious agents consisting of genetic material and surrounding capsid. They can only replicate once inside the host environment. They, too, account for many infections affecting human beings. The body tends to have some similarities and differences when dealing with bacteria and viruses, based on the difference in their cellular composition and pathogenic mechanism.

The epithelial surfaces of the body, like the skin and mucous membrane, form a barrier that prevents the entry of pathogens into the body. This offers protection against most bacteria and viruses. As seen in conditions like burns, a defect in this barrier results in an increased risk of infection from this microorganism.

One of the mechanisms the body uses to deal with pathogens is phagocytosis. This is the process where immune cells like neutrophils engulf pathogens or pathogen-containing cells and destroy them. These phagocytes can distinguish these pathogens from normal cells. The process is further facilitated by binding antibodies to the bacteria surface, a process called opsonization. Since viruses are intracellular organisms, phagocytosis is facilitated by antibodies first opsonizing the cells containing the virus. This makes it easier for the phagocytes to recognize the pathogens and initiate destruction.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the plasma cells, which come from B-cells. These proteins have an important role in the fight against pathogens. They have a role in opsonizing bacteria hence facilitating phagocytosis. In addition to this, they play a role in activating the classical complement pathway by first binding to the bacterium. Once bound to the bacterium, one of the complement proteins, C1, binds to the antibody, ad this triggers a series of reactions leading to activation of other complement proteins. The net effect is the formation of a membrane attack complex that binds to the membrane of gram-negative bacteria. This creates pores in the membrane allowing lytic enzymes like lysozyme to enter and cause destruction. In addition to facilitating complement activation and opsonization, antibodies help neutralize viruses, rendering them incapable of infecting other cells. Antibodies also form agglutination with viral particles, making them more susceptible to immune cells.

Cells infected with pathogens display a special protein called major histocompatibility complex on their surfaces. These proteins are recognized by cytotoxic cells like the T-cell. Once recognized, the cytotoxic cells release cytotoxic molecules like perforin and granzymes, which destroy the infected cell and thus prevent infection of other cells. T helper plays its immunological role against pathogens by recognizing the major histocompatibility complex and reacting to produce molecular proteins called cytokines. The cytokines eventually cause activation of other immune cells like the B-cell and cytotoxic T-cell.

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